![]() ![]() It has retained the two early Cyrillic letters і (i) and izhe ( и) to represent related sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ as well as the two historical forms e ( е) and ye ( є). Palatalization of consonants before е, у, а is indicated by writing the corresponding letter є, ю, я instead (theoretical palatalization before и is not indicated as і already corresponds to the palatized or “soft” counterpart of и).Ĭompared to other Cyrillic alphabets, the modern Ukrainian alphabet is most similar to those of the other East Slavic languages: Belarusian, Russian, and Rusyn. The digraphs дз and дж are normally used to represent single affricates /d͡z/ and /d͡ʒ/. Some letters represent two phonemes: щ /ʃt͡ʃ/, ї /ji/ or /jɪ/, and є /jɛ/, ю /ju/, я /jɑ/ when they do not palatalize a preceding consonant. There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the alphabet. It also appears after labial consonants in some words, such as ім'я "name", and it is retained in transliterations from the Latin alphabet: Кот-д'Івуар ( Côte d'Ivoire) and О'Тул ( O'Toole). The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it would be applied by normal orthographic rules. The soft sign (ь), which appears only after consonants, indicates that the preceding consonant is soft ( palatalized).Īlso, alveolar consonants are palatalized when followed by certain vowels: д, з, л, н, р, с, т, ц and дз are softened when they are followed by a “soft” vowel: є, і, ю, я. In the Ukrainian alphabet the “Ь” could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990). The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The apostrophe is also used in the spelling of some words, but is not considered a letter. The alphabet comprises 33 letters, representing 40 phonemes. There have also been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet, but none have caught on.įurther information: Ukrainian phonology Ukrainian alphabet by position in alphabet, in both upper- and lower-case There are several common methods for romanizing Ukrainian including the international Cyrillic-to-Latin transcription standard ISO 9. Ukrainian text is sometimes romanised (written in the Latin alphabet) for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. azbuka), from the acrophonic early Cyrillic letter names азъ ( tr. ukrainska abetka), from the initial letters а ( tr. Sometimes the apostrophe (') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the alphabet. The modern Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters in total: 20 consonants, 1 semivowel, 10 vowels and 1 palatalization sign. In the 10th century, it became used in Kievan Rus' to write Old East Slavic, from which the Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian alphabets later evolved. It comes from the Cyrillic script, which was devised in the 9th century for the first Slavic literary language, called Old Slavonic. It is one of several national variations of the Cyrillic script. The Ukrainian alphabet ( Ukrainian: абе́тка, áзбука or алфа́ві́т, romanized: abetka, azbuka or alfavit) is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, which is the official language of Ukraine. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). ![]()
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